«Nomadic» pattern in handwoven carpet

Introducing hand-woven carpets with nomadic design

Hand-woven carpet with nomadic design is one of the original symbols of Iranian art and culture, which has a special place in the history of world textile art and industry due to its variety of designs, patterns and unique colors. These carpets are not only the product of hard and exhausting efforts of nomadic weavers, but also represent the stories, beliefs and traditions passed down from generation to generation of these communities.  
Iran's nomads, with their ancient history and rich culture, display unique art in the weaving of their carpets. Each of these carpets contains symbols and signs that are inspired by nature, daily life and religious and cultural rituals. Simple but meaningful designs, vivid and natural colors, and the use of quality raw materials are all distinctive features of handwoven nomadic carpets.  
Nomadic carpets are woven in different regions of Iran, including Qashqais, Bakhtiaris, Turkmens and other nomadic tribes. Each of these groups has its own style and style in carpet texture and design, which reflects its unique climate, lifestyle and traditions.

The history of hand-woven nomadic carpets

Nomadic hand-woven carpets, dating back thousands of years, are a part of the rich and ancient heritage of Iranian art and culture. Since ancient times, this art goes back to the basic needs of the nomads for underlay and covering, and flourished in the Islamic and Safavid eras, under the influence of Islamic designs and motifs and government support. During the Safavid era, the weaving of nomadic carpets reached the peak of creativity, and in the contemporary era, despite the challenges of globalization and market changes, this art is still preserved and promoted as a symbol of Iranian authenticity and culture.

The peak of nomadic carpet weaving

The peak of nomadic carpet weaving dates back to the Safavid period (16th and 17th centuries AD), when this art reached its highest level of creativity and quality. During this period, the Safavid kings supported the art and craft of carpets and weaving workshops were established in different regions of Iran. These supports made nomadic weavers to use more advanced techniques and more complex designs.  
Nomadic carpets in this period were woven with unique designs and vivid and varied colors, which represented the influence of Islamic culture and the arts of the Safavid era. This period saw the use of natural colors, high quality materials and complex traditional designs that gave nomadic carpets high artistic and commercial value.  
In addition, during this period, nomadic carpets made their way to world markets and were recognized as quality and artistic goods internationally. This situation led to an increase in popularity and demand for hand-woven nomadic carpets and helped establish their place in world art and culture.

The place of nomadic designs in Iranian carpets Nomadic designs have a special place in Iranian carpets, because these designs show the originality and cultural identity of each nomadic group with geometric and abstract motifs inspired by everyday life and nature. Due to their high resistance and unique beauty, these carpets are popular not only in domestic markets but also globally. Nomadic designs, as a symbol of Iran's native culture and history, help preserve and transmit traditions and at the same time show the fusion of art and application.

Design features of nomadic carpets

Nomadic handwoven carpets have distinctive and remarkable features due to their special design and unique weaving techniques:  
The motifs of nomadic carpets are often taken from nature, animals, and the daily life of nomads. These motifs include geometric patterns, stars, and natural flowers, each of which has a specific meaning.  
The designs are extremely varied and unique, with patterns that differ traditionally and locally in each region. This variety shows the cultural and climatic influences of different regions. One of the most famous designs is the "Gebeh" design, which includes simple geometric and circular designs. These designs usually include square, rectangle and rhombus patterns that are repeated symmetrically or asymmetrically. Star patterns and error designs are seen in some nomadic carpets. These motifs usually appear radially and according to the type of region and culture, in different sizes and colors.  
Motifs representing animals (such as sheep, goats, and trees) and plants are especially common in the Qashqai and Turkmen regions. These designs are incorporated into the carpets in an abstract or realistic form. Some carpets contain symbols and images that are associated with religious ceremonies and local celebrations. These motifs represent the culture and local beliefs of the nomads.

Weaving techniques and tools used in nomadic carpets

Knotting :

- Persian knot: this technique is one of the most common methods in the weaving of nomadic carpets. In this method, each knot is tied manually using woolen thread on the chelas (basic threads). Knots are usually of two types, simple and combined, which give strength and durability to the carpet.  
- Turkmen knot: similar to Persian knot, but with differences in how to weave and finish the knots. This technique is mostly seen in Turkmen carpets and gives the carpets a special and outstanding texture.

Bend texture:

- Flat weave: In this method, the carpet is woven flat and smooth. This technique is usually used for thinner rugs with simpler designs.  
- Embossed texture: In this method, some parts of the carpet are woven in an embossed way to give more depth and texture to the motifs. This technique is used to create visual and artistic effects.

Butt tissue:

- Texture without a specific design: in Gabbas, the texture is done in a simple way with minimal designs. This technique is used to create thick and comfortable rugs with small details.

Fine and coarse texture:

- Fine texture: In this technique, the knots are woven in a compact way and with a larger number per unit of space, which gives the carpet softness and more detailed details.  
- Coarse texture: In this method, the knots are woven less and at wider intervals, which creates carpets with a simpler and more prominent texture.

Tools used:

- Horizontal loom: one of the main weaving tools in which the chele threads are stretched horizontally and the weaver weaves the carpet by sitting in front of the loom.  
- Vertical loom: In some areas, a vertical loom is used, in which the threads of the challah are stretched vertically and the weaver weaves from the side of the loom.  
- Knife: used to cut and adjust excess threads and also to create fine details in motifs.  
- Scissors: It is used to cut and adjust the length of threads and also to complete the texture and finish the work.  
- Traditional dyeing machine: Natural dyes are used to dye woolen threads. These devices are usually operated manually and using traditional methods.

Major areas in the production of nomadic carpets

In Iran, the production of nomadic carpets is widespread in different regions, especially in the mountainous and semi-mountainous areas where suitable conditions are available for growing wool and carpet weaving. Each region has its own characteristics and style in the production of nomadic carpets. The following are the most important regions in the production of nomadic carpets in Iran:  
1. Qashqai region  
Geographical location: Fars province, especially the surrounding areas of Shiraz.  
Features of the carpet: Qashqai carpets usually have geometric and natural patterns. These carpets are woven with warm and lively colors such as red, blue and yellow. Common designs include simple but beautiful patterns and patterns.  
2. Bakhtiari region  
Geographical location: Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, especially in mountainous areas.  
Features of the carpet: Bakhtiari carpets are usually woven with large and prominent motifs, abstract designs and natural colors. These carpets are famous for their outstanding designs and strong texture.  
3. Turkmen region  
Geographical location: Golestan province, especially the Turkmen Sahara regions.  
Carpet Features: Turkmen carpets are usually woven with geometric designs, star motifs and symmetrical patterns. The dominant colors include red, black, and brown, and various motifs such as Gozel and Qarakhani can be seen in them.  
4. Kurdistan region  
Geographical location: Kurdistan province and its surrounding areas.  
Features of the carpet: Kurdistan carpets have traditional and local motifs with geometric and natural designs. These carpets are usually woven with vivid and varied colors.  
5. Lori area  
Geographical location: Lorestan and Bushehr provinces.  
Features of the carpet: Lori carpets are usually woven with simple motifs and geometric or abstract designs with soft and natural colors. These carpets are known for their strong texture and high durability.  
6. Qashqai nomadic region  
Geographical location: Fars province and neighboring provinces.  
Carpet features: Qashqai designs include large and complex motifs with bright and vivid colors. These carpets are usually woven with geometric and natural designs along with diverse and attractive colors.  
Each of these regions are famous for their special cultural, geographical and artistic characteristics in the production of nomadic carpets, and the carpets produced in these areas have great value and popularity in the domestic and international markets due to their unique designs and high quality.

The role and importance of nomadic carpets in the daily life of nomads

Nomadic carpets have a special role and importance in the daily life of nomads that goes beyond their aesthetic aspects. These carpets play a role not only as a practical tool but also as a cultural and social element in the life of the nomads.  
Nomadic carpets are used as underlay in nomadic tents and outdoors. Due to their high resistance and durability, these carpets provide a warm and comfortable environment for sitting and resting. In cold seasons, handwoven carpets act as a layer of thermal insulation, and in hot seasons, their textures help air conditioning.  
Each nomadic group produces its own carpets with its own motifs and designs that reflect the cultural identity, traditions and history of that people. These carpets are considered as part of the cultural heritage of each group and play a role in the display and transfer of cultural identity. Nomadic carpets are used in important events such as festivals, weddings and religious celebrations. These carpets are used as decorations and important signs in these occasions and help to create a special and important atmosphere.  
Nomadic weavers provide a source of income to meet their economic needs by selling their handwoven carpets to local and international markets. This economic activity helps to improve the livelihood and economic conditions of the families. Due to their high quality and unique designs, the nomadic carpets are also sold in the world markets and generate foreign exchange for the country.

Nomadic motifs in today's carpets

Nomadic motifs in today's carpets are significantly inspired by traditional motifs, but updated with changes and innovations that suit contemporary tastes and needs. These motifs include geometric, abstract and natural designs that are traditionally inspired by the daily life, nature and cultural beliefs of the nomads. In today's carpets, these motifs are creatively combined using more modern colors, new weaving techniques, and updated designs to align with the new aesthetic and functional requirements of the market. This adaptation and innovation has helped to preserve the authenticity of nomadic weaving art and introduces it to new audiences and global markets.

The differences between nomadic carpets and other types of carpets

These carpets are mainly woven in nomadic regions of Iran such as Fars, Kurdistan, Bakhtiari and Turkmen Sahara. Due to nomadic living conditions and nomadic lifestyle, nomadic carpets usually use local materials and natural colors.  
Other carpets are woven in big cities and industrial areas of Iran, such as Tabriz, Kashan, Nain and Mashhad. These carpets may use more diverse raw materials such as silk and wool and be produced in large weaving workshops.  
Nomadic carpets have simpler and diverse designs that usually include geometric, natural and local motifs. The patterns of these carpets are generally abstract and far from complexities. Use natural and warm colors, usually including red, blue, yellow and brown.  
Other carpets have more complex and detailed designs that may include Islamic, classical and more complex motifs such as Shah Abbasi, Thousand and One Nights, and Flower and Bush designs. The use of more diverse and chemical colors allows creating a wider range of colors.  
Nomadic carpets are woven using traditional and simple weaving techniques, such as hand knotting and tight weaves. These carpets are usually produced by hand and in primitive conditions. They usually have a thicker and stronger texture that is suitable for use in different environmental conditions.  
Other rugs are woven using more complex and advanced weaving techniques that may involve more detailed weaves and more color combinations. Usually thinner and softer weaves, which differ due to the use of more precise weaving techniques and different raw materials.  
The raw materials of nomadic carpets are mainly sheep and camel wool, with natural dyes extracted from local sources and the raw materials of other carpets are woven using various materials such as silk, first grade wools and chemicals for dyeing. These carpets usually have a more shiny and soft appearance due to the use of high quality materials.  
Nomadic carpets are directly influenced by nomadic culture and traditions and are a symbol of the identity and daily life of these groups. They are mostly woven for use in daily life and in different environmental conditions.  
Other carpets may be influenced by urban traditions and different Iranian cultures and are mainly woven for decorative and practical use in the interior spaces of houses. They are mostly produced for display and decoration in interior environments and exhibitions.  
These differences cause nomadic carpets and other types of handwoven carpets to have their own characteristics and uses.

Different compositions in carpets with nomadic designs

Different compositions in carpets with nomadic design represent the diversity and artistic creativity of weavers. These compositions include symmetrical and repetitive geometric designs, natural motifs inspired by flowers and leaves, and abstract designs with simple and complex forms. Also, the specific ethnic motifs of each nomadic group with their unique colors and patterns represent their cultural and indigenous identity. This diversity in compositions gives nomadic carpets a special artistic depth and beauty and helps to preserve and introduce local traditions and arts.  
Bafteh design:  
Features: Geometric and repetitive designs with rhombus and square motifs, which are commonly found in Kurdistan and Bakhtiari nomadic carpets. These designs often include varied and harmonious colors.  
"Gilim" plan:  
Simple and abstract patterns with lines and geometric shapes that are common in Turkmen and Qashqai nomadic carpets. These designs are particularly attractive due to their simplicity and repetition.  
"Golin" plan:  
Including natural flower and leaf motifs, especially in Qashqai and Fars nomadic carpets. These designs add a special beauty to the carpets due to the variety of colors and details.  
"Shatranji" plan:  
Symmetrical and square designs seen in Bakhtiari and Fars nomadic carpets. These designs are usually woven in a simple way with warm and natural colors.  
"Watercolor" design (Abrang):  
Colorful and abstract motifs that are usually seen in Qashqai and Turkmen nomadic carpets. These designs use bright and diverse colors to create an attractive effect.

Examining famous and outstanding examples of nomadic carpets

"Panjdare" Qashqai carpet:

This carpet, which is known as "Panjdare", is famous for its patterns and special colors. Its design is especially used to show the five famous valleys in the Qashqai region, each of which has its own characteristics and importance. The designs and colors of this carpet are a way of telling the life and relationship of Qashqai people with their land.

"Qandil" Turkmen rug:

Turkmen carpets with motifs such as "candles" designed in the shape of lit candles are known as a symbol of light and a better life in Turkmen culture. These designs are usually woven specifically for religious ceremonies and grand celebrations.

Bakhtiari carpets, especially the "Khatoon" design

(which means lady or respectable lady), is designed with complex motifs and special colors. These carpets are usually used as a sign of respect and social status in special ceremonies and are a symbol of the social and cultural status of Bakhtiari weavers.  
Due to their stories and deep meanings, these carpets have a high value not only in terms of aesthetics but also in terms of culture and represent an important part of the heritage and history of the nomadic weaving art.

Nomadic carpet market and trade in Iran and the world

Nomadic carpets in Iran and the world play an important role in domestic and international markets. In the domestic market, these carpets are mainly sold in local markets and specialty stores and are used in cultural events and celebrations, while globally, due to their unique designs and high quality, they are exported to various countries and displayed in exhibitions. are introduced internationally. These carpets are considered as luxury and artistic products in interior decorations. The main challenges include maintaining the quality and the right price to compete in the global market and the need for effective advertising to make the brand known.

Challenges and opportunities facing the producers of nomadic carpets

The producers of nomadic carpets are facing several challenges, including maintaining quality and standards, providing raw materials, and competing with industrial products. Also, marketing problems and the need to train new generations of weavers can affect the production process. However, there are also opportunities, including a global market for exports, growing demand for handmade products, and the possibility of tapping into government support and design innovation. Paying attention to these challenges and opportunities can help improve the quality and success of nomadic carpets in domestic and international markets.

Preservation and revival of nomadic carpet weaving art in contemporary times

Preservation and revival of nomadic carpet weaving art in the contemporary era requires coordinated and comprehensive measures to help strengthen this traditional art. First, it is very important to promote and teach weaving techniques to new generations so that this traditional art can be passed on to future generations. Second, creating support and financial programs, including the granting of facilities and government assistance, can help improve the economic conditions of weavers and improve the quality of production. Third, introducing and promoting nomadic carpets in domestic and international exhibitions and developing marketing strategies can help attract new markets and increase demand for these products. Fourth, attention to innovation in design and the use of new weaving techniques, without changing the originality, can contribute to the attractiveness and competitiveness of these carpets in modern markets. According to these measures, it is possible to preserve and revive the art of nomadic carpet weaving in the contemporary era.

Final word

Nomadic carpets, with their unique motifs and designs, represent the native art and culture of Iran. These carpets are important not only as valuable art products, but also as part of the cultural and historical heritage of each nomadic group. Due to the variety and complexity of designs, from geometric and natural motifs to abstract and ethnic designs, these carpets give a special identity and beauty to interior decorations. Preservation and revival of nomadic weaving art requires continuous efforts in the fields of education, support and marketing so that this original and traditional art can continue to flourish and remain valid in the contemporary era.

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