«Torkaman» pattern in handwoven carpet

Torkaman design hand-woven carpet

The Torkaman design hand-woven carpet is one of the oldest and most authentic Iranian carpets, which is woven by the Torkaman people and is famous for its geometric designs and repetitive motifs. These carpets are mainly produced from high quality wool using natural colors such as dark red, black, white and dark blue. The motifs of Torkaman flowers, each of which represents a tribe, are among the distinctive features of these carpets. In addition to its artistic and cultural value, the Torkaman carpet has high durability and strength due to its medium to high knot density.

History and origins of Torkaman carpet

The Torkaman carpet has a deep and rooted history that goes back thousands of years and is tied to the nomadic life and traditions of the Torkaman people. The Torkaman people, who migrated from various regions of Central Asia to the northeastern regions of Iran, have always kept weaving as one of their main arts. Over time, these carpets have become a symbol of the cultural and social identity of Torkamans, and their designs and motifs reflect the history, beliefs, and lifestyle of this people. The geometric designs and repeating motifs seen in Torkaman carpets actually express the stories, myths and beliefs of the Torkaman ancestors that have been passed down from generation to generation.

The position of the Torkaman design in Iranian carpets

As one of the most important and distinctive Iranian carpet designs, the Torkaman carpet has a special place in Iranian art and culture. These carpets are distinguished from other Iranian carpets due to their simple, geometric designs and special motifs that originate from the nomadic life and beliefs of the Torkaman people. In the Iranian carpet market, Torkaman carpet is known as a representative of the art of the northeastern nomads of the country, and due to its originality and high quality, it is of interest to buyers and carpet collectors. In addition to playing an important role in preserving and transmitting Torkaman traditions and culture, the Torkaman design has also found a special place in modern decoration due to its beauty and simplicity. These carpets are also known as a symbol of Iranian art in the world markets and have an important contribution in introducing Iranian culture and art to the world.

Torkaman carpet producing areas

Torkaman carpets are produced in different regions of Iran and Central Asia. In Iran, the provinces of Golestan, North Khorasan and Razavi Khorasan are the main centers of the production of these carpets, with cities such as Gonbad Kavos, Aqqola, Bojnord and Darghaz. Also, Torkaman carpet production is observed in Mazandaran province, especially in cities like Behshahr and Golugah. Torkamanistan, as the birthplace of Torkaman people, is one of the main production centers of these carpets. In Afghanistan, northern regions such as Mazar-e-Sharif are famous for weaving high-quality Torkaman carpets. Also, Torkaman carpets with original and rich designs are produced in Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan and the Torkaman Sahara region.

Patterns and designs of Torkaman carpets

Torkaman flowers: the main feature of the Torkaman carpet is its geometric and symbolic motifs, which are known as "flowers". Each flower represents a Torkaman tribe or tribe and is often used in a repetitive and analogical way throughout the carpet. These flowers usually consist of simple geometric shapes such as rhombuses, squares, and rectangles that are carefully and elegantly placed together.

Piece flowers:

Patch flowers in Torkaman carpets are known for their special geometric and symbolic designs. These motifs, which belong to the Teke tribe, include complex patterns such as star shapes and symmetrical rhombuses that are repeated throughout the carpet. The dominant colors in patch flowers usually include red, blue, brown and white, which add attractive contrasts to the design and give a beautiful and harmonious effect to the carpet. Due to their special designs and cultural meanings, these motifs are a symbol of the Teke tribe's identity and their weaving art, and are particularly important as part of the cultural traditions of this tribe.

salwar flowers:

Salwar flowers in Torkaman carpets are distinguished from other motifs due to their unique and complex designs. Belonging to the Salwar tribe, these motifs usually include intricate and symbolic geometric patterns, such as octagonal flowers and regular rhombuses, which are symmetrically applied to the carpet. Dominant colors in salwar flowers usually include deep reds, browns and blacks mixed with lighter colors such as cream and beige. This color combination and intricate design gives a special beauty to the Salwar carpets and acts as a representative of the history and traditions of the Salwar tribe.

Yemot flowers:

Yamut flowers in Torkaman carpets are known for their simple and geometric designs that belong to the Yamut tribe. These motifs usually include octagonal flower designs, rhombuses, and repeating circles that repeat regularly and symmetrically throughout the rug. The dominant colors in Yamut flowers include dark red, black, and beige, which are used prominently in the design. The simple and repetitive design of these motifs gives the Yamut carpet a regular and balanced appearance and represents the authenticity and traditions of the Yamut tribe in the art of weaving.

Distinctive features of Torkaman carpet

Coloring:

Colors in Torkaman rugs usually use natural and rich palettes that include dark reds, blacks, browns, and dark blues. These colors, which are obtained from natural sources, give contrast and visual depth to the patterns of Torkaman carpets. The use of natural colors makes the carpets at a high level in terms of beauty and durability, and color changes are prevented over time.

Texture techniques:

Torkaman carpets are usually woven with medium to high knot density. This density is on average between 200 and 400 knots per square inch, which gives the carpet strength and durability. The high density of knots makes the carpet have a smooth and consistent surface and prevents erosion and damage over time.

Bipod tissue

The two-ply weaving technique is used in Torkaman carpets, where two layers of weft are woven on layers of weft yarn. This technique helps to increase the strength and durability of the carpet and creates a uniform surface resistant to pressure and wear. The double texture also makes the Torkaman carpets have a coherent and resistant texture in terms of aesthetics.

Torkaman knots

Special knots called "Torkaman knot" are used in Torkaman carpets, which are traditionally used in this type of carpets. These knots are usually woven in closed and woolen knots, which creates a strong and durable texture. Due to its elasticity and high resistance, Torkaman knot gives Torkaman carpets a longer life.

Material and structure:

Torkaman rugs are usually woven from high-quality wool, known for its softness and durability. In some cases, silk is also used to add more shine and elegance. The use of natural colors in the texture of these carpets helps to maintain the originality and durability of the color and prevents color change over time. These materials give high quality to Torkaman carpets and guarantee their durability. Torkaman carpets are mainly produced with hand and traditional weaving. This method of weaving, which involves working by hand and using traditional tools, has a special effect on the final quality and precision of the carpet. Hand weaving gives Torkaman carpets a unique beauty and personality that is rarely found in machine weaving.

Sizes and shapes:

Torkaman carpets are woven in different sizes from small rugs to large carpets, which makes it possible to use them in different spaces. In addition to rectangular carpets, there are also square and circular shapes among Torkaman carpets, which gives more variety to the products of this group and gives them the ability to be used in different environments.

Uses and cultural importance of Torkaman carpet

Torkaman carpet is traditionally used as a practical tool in the daily life of the Torkaman people. Due to their high durability and strength, these carpets are used to cover the floor, walls, and even roofs of Torkaman tents (yurts). In addition, smaller Torkaman rugs are used as underlays, rugs, and coverings for equipment and horses. These practical applications show the importance of carpets in Torkaman's daily life.  
In addition to practical applications, Torkaman carpets are also used as beautiful and decorative works of art. These carpets are used as decorations in homes, mosques, and cultural places due to their vivid and attractive designs and colors. Because of their beauty and quality, Torkaman carpets are always displayed in art exhibitions and museums, which further shows their artistic and cultural importance.  
Torkaman carpet is a symbol of identity and cultural authenticity of the Torkaman people. The motifs and designs used in these carpets often reflect symbols of the beliefs, beliefs, and history of the Torkaman tribes. Each Torkaman tribe has its own motifs and designs that serve as a sign of their identity and cultural distinction. The weaving of Torkaman carpets is traditionally done by the women of this tribe, and this art is passed down as a valuable skill from generation to generation, indicating its importance in preserving and strengthening cultural identity.  
Torkaman carpet is also economically valuable. These carpets are popular in the domestic and international markets due to their high quality and unique designs, and are bought and sold as a luxury and artistic product. Exporting Torkaman carpets to other countries not only generates income for Torkaman weavers, but also increases the reputation and credibility of this traditional art at the global level.

Different compositions in the design of Torkaman carpets

Composition in the design of Torkaman carpets is one of the important and distinctive aspects of this weaving art, which gives a special effect to these carpets due to the use of geometric and symbolic motifs. Different compositions in these carpets are important not only in terms of aesthetics, but also culturally and spiritually. In the following, we will examine several different types of composition in the design of Torkaman carpets:

Central composition (Medallion Layout):

In this type of composition, a large central motif or medallion is placed in the center of the carpet and is usually surrounded by bands of smaller motifs. The central medallion often features specific tribal designs such as patch flowers or salwar. This composition is a symbol of power and centrality in Torkaman culture.

Repetitive composition (All-over Layout):

In a repetitive composition, geometric patterns or flowers are spread evenly and repetitively throughout the carpet. This type of composition is mostly seen in carpets with designs of Yamut and different Torkaman tribes. The regular repetition of these motifs creates a sense of harmony and stability in the carpet, and in a way reflects the continuous and recurring traditions and customs of the Torkaman people.

Diamond Layout:

This composition consists of rhombus motifs (crossed squares) that are repeated throughout the carpet. The rhombuses are usually symmetrical and interlocking, and in some cases, each rhombus contains internal motifs such as flowers or intricate geometric lines. This type of composition in Torkaman carpets specifically shows dynamism and movement.

Grid Layout:

In grid composition, the entire surface of the carpet is divided into smaller pieces or grids, each of which contains one or more repeating patterns. This type of design is especially common in salwar carpets. The grid composition gives the carpet a regular and predictable structure that represents the orderliness and precision in Torkaman daily life.

Striped Layout:

In this type of composition, motifs are placed in the form of horizontal or vertical strips along the length of the carpet. Each strip may contain different designs that are combined to form a cohesive pattern. This style of design is particularly common in smaller rugs and Torkaman rugs and is often used to emphasize symmetry and balance.

Mixed Layout:

Mixed composition is the use of several types of composition in one carpet. For example, a rug may have a central medallion with repeating motifs around it, or vertical stripes combined with internal grids. This type of composition gives more depth and complexity to the carpets and reflects the combination of different traditions and creativity in Torkaman art.

Bordered Layout:

This composition consists of the main motifs that are located in the center of the rug and are surrounded by borders with different designs. Borders usually have repeating and simpler motifs that sort of frame the main design. This type of composition gives visual strength to the rug and makes the main design more prominent.

Chessboard Layout:

In this type of composition, carpet patterns are arranged in checkered houses, each house may contain different patterns from other houses. This composition is less common, but due to its regular and crossed pattern, it has a great visual impact and represents symmetry and balance.  
Each of these compositions in Torkaman carpets has a special meaning and can reflect different aspects of life, beliefs and cultural identity of the Torkaman people. This diversity in compositions not only adds to the artistic richness of these carpets, but also makes each Torkaman carpet unique and has a special story.

Comparison of Torkaman carpets with other Iranian carpets

As one of the prominent examples of Iranian carpets, the Torkaman carpet has special features that distinguish it from other Iranian carpets. Compared to other Iranian carpets such as carpets from Isfahan, Tabriz, Kashan and Kerman, there are important differences in motifs, coloring, weaving techniques and even applications:

Patterns and designs

Motifs in Torkaman carpets are mainly geometric and repetitive. Designs such as yamut, salwar and take flowers, which are symbolically and symmetrically repeated throughout the carpet, are the prominent features of these carpets. These motifs often reflect the tribal and cultural identity of the Torkaman people.  
On the other hand, other Iranian carpets, such as Isfahan, Tabriz and Kashan carpets, mostly use plant designs, slime and complex landscapes. The motifs of these carpets often include flower and bush designs, hunting grounds, Iranian gardens and even historical scenes, which are much richer and more complex in terms of details and variety.

coloring

The coloring in Torkaman carpets mainly consists of dark and rich colors such as dark red, black, brown and blue, which are obtained from natural and vegetable dyes. These colors with high contrast give a strong and impressive feeling to the carpet.  
In the carpets of Isfahan, Kashan and Tabriz, a more diverse color scheme is observed. These carpets use lighter and softer colors such as light blue, cream, green and gold. The combination of different colors in these carpets creates more harmony and visual beauty.

Texture techniques

Torkaman carpets are woven with the Torkaman knot technique and double weave, which gives them high durability and strength. The density of knots in these rugs is usually medium to high, which makes the rugs tough and durable.  
Persian knot (asymmetric knot) is used in Isfahan, Tabriz and Kashan carpets, which gives these carpets more elegance and softness. These carpets are often woven with a very high density of knots, which creates a lot of detail and complexity in their designs.

Applications

In addition to being used as a floor covering, Torkaman carpets are also used in other applications, such as covering walls and roofs of tents. Also, these carpets play an important role as cultural symbols in Torkaman ceremonies and rituals.  
Carpets from Isfahan, Tabriz and Kashan are mostly used as works of art and decoration. Due to their elegance and high detail, these carpets are usually displayed in luxurious and luxurious spaces, and they are mostly used in interior decoration.

Cultural and social value

The Torkaman carpet is known as an important symbol of the cultural and social identity of the Torkaman people. Each Torkaman tribe has its own motifs and designs that represent their history and beliefs.  
Other Iranian carpets are also widely recognized as cultural icons, but these carpets are more recognized as works of art nationally and internationally, representing a broader cultural identity that transcends regional boundaries.  
This comparison shows that while Torkaman carpets and other Iranian carpets are all part of Iran's rich artistic heritage, each one has unique features and uses that reflect the cultural and artistic diversity of different regions of Iran.

Torkaman carpet in contemporary art

In contemporary art, many designers and artists have revived the traditional designs of Torkaman carpets. With their geometric and symbolic patterns, these rugs have become a rich source for modern designs. The use of these designs in clothes, bags, and other artistic products shows the amalgamation of tradition and modernity that is highly regarded in contemporary art.  
Torkaman carpet with its special patterns and colors has inspired many artists in different fields of visual arts such as painting, sculpture and digital art. By recreating Torkaman carpet patterns in their works, these artists try to portray traditional concepts in new formats. Some contemporary artists have reflected on cultural and social issues by using these motifs in their works and in this way have helped to preserve and promote Torkaman culture.  
In contemporary art, Torkaman carpet is used as an important decorative element in interior design. The designs and rich colors of these carpets add warmth and originality to modern spaces and have found a special place in minimalist and bohemian decorations. The combination of Torkaman carpets with modern elements creates a beautiful balance between tradition and modernity, which is very popular in contemporary interior design.  
Torkaman carpet in contemporary art has managed to be preserved not only as a valuable cultural heritage, but also as a source of inspiration in new and modern arts. This link between tradition and innovation shows the capability and cultural dynamism of Torkaman carpet in today's world.

Protection and maintenance of Torkaman carpet

Protection and maintenance of Torkaman carpet is very important because of its high cultural and artistic value. These carpets, which are woven by hand using natural materials, need special care to preserve them over time and protect them from various damages. In the following, some of the most important methods of protection and maintenance of Torkaman carpets are mentioned:  
Due to the use of natural colors in its texture, the Turkman carpet is at risk of fading and damage caused by direct sunlight. To avoid this damage, it is better to spread the carpet in a place where the sunlight does not shine on it or use thick curtains to filter the light.  
Dust and pollution can damage the fabric of the carpet and cause wear and tear and reduce its lifespan. To avoid this problem, it is better to clean the Torkaman carpet regularly with a vacuum cleaner. In cleaning, make sure to use soft brushes so as not to damage the carpet fibers.  
Moisture and moisture are the main enemies of handwoven carpets, because they cause mold, rot and deformation in the carpet. To protect the Torkaman carpet, you should avoid placing it in wet environments and in contact with water. In case of moisture penetration, you must dry the carpet quickly to avoid possible damage.  
Handwoven carpets, especially Torkaman carpets, may be attacked by insects and pests such as willows. To prevent this problem, you can use natural or chemical anti-willow materials for carpets. Also, keeping the carpet in a dry and clean environment prevents this problem.  
Maintaining the originality and artistic value of Torkaman carpets requires psychological and cultural care. We should pay attention to the role and importance of these carpets in preserving cultural identity and preserve them with respect and care so that they can be passed on to future generations as cultural heritage.

final word

In conclusion, the Torkaman carpet has a special place in the history and art of Iran, not only as a unique work of art, but also as a symbol of the culture and identity of the Torkaman people. With their special geometric patterns, rich colors, and unique weaving techniques, these carpets have been able to overcome the boundaries of time and space and still have a dynamic and inspiring presence in contemporary art. The protection and maintenance of these valuable treasures is not only to preserve an ancient art, but also to the preservation of cultural identity and heritage that connects future generations with authenticity and beauty. Torkaman carpet, with its deep roots in history and culture, will continue to be a source of inspiration and pride for Iranian society.

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