Types of hand-woven carpets according to the type of texture

Types of hand-woven carpets according to the type of texture

In this article, we are going to introduce the types of handwoven carpets in Iran. Different classifications based on different factors can be used for Iranian handwoven carpets; For example, types of handwoven carpets in terms of knot type, in terms of weaving methods, classification based on the type of carpet, based on the number of wefts used in the texture, types of carpets in terms of size, and finally classification of types of Iranian carpets in terms of pattern. In this article, we will first classify the types of Iranian handwoven carpets according to the type of knot used, and then we will discuss the types of carpets based on the type of texture.

Types of hand-woven carpets according to the type of knot

What we see from the carpet at first glance, or in other words, the main part of the carpet consists of knots that are tied on the threads of the carpet. In fact, it is these knots that create the appearance and design of the carpet. Knots are actually short strands of wool or silk fibers that are wrapped around two threads or carpet threads and tied. In this way, based on the type of knot, Iranian handwoven carpets can be divided into two types of symmetric knots and asymmetric knots, which will be explained in the following.

Symmetric knot in handwoven carpet

Other names of this type of knot include Turkish knot or Gordes knot. In this method, wool or silk thread is wrapped around a pair of warps and pulled out through them. Woven carpets with this type of knot are called Turkish woven carpets. Carpet weaving with Turkish knot is common in the regions of Iran such as ilat Qashqai, Bakhtiari, Shahsavsn , Afshar, Kurds and in the provinces of Kurdistan, Kermanshah, Azarbaijan, Hamadan and Zanjan.

Asymmetric knot in Iranian carpet

In this type of knot, a thread of silk or wool is tied around two strands of challah, but with the difference that the thread wraps one full turn around one strand and half a turn around the next strand. This type of knot is also called open knot or seneh, and carpets woven with this method are called Persian weave. The use of this knot is more common in the eastern and southeastern provinces and the center of Iran, such as: Kerman, Yazd, Arak, South Khorasan, Nayin, Kashan and Isfahan.

Classification of carpet types in terms of weaving mechanism

According to the type of texture, Iranian handwoven carpets can be divided into three categories: loop weave, half loop, and flat weave carpet. This type of division depends on factors such as the number and thickness of the wefts used in each row of the fabric, the amount of stretch and beating of the weft, and finally the way the threads are placed in relation to each other. In fact, when weaving a carpet, if the threads of a knot are located on two distinct levels, it is called a "weave loop". The level of carpet weave depends on the distance between two strands and the angle formed between them. If the difference in the surface of the yarns increases from 45 degrees to 90 degrees, the level of carpet weave will also increase. In fact, it is the degree of difference between the threads of the carpet that determines the weaving mechanism. In the following, each of these texture methods will be explained.

Flat weave method

Flat carpets are also known as single-weave carpets. In this type of weave, the threads are spaced by one thread diameter. In fact, the fabric of the bed is woven in a rattan style. This means that in each row, the threads below and facing are seen in the form of one in between from the back of the carpet. Because there is no space between the threads in this method, the back of flat carpets has a smooth surface. In addition, these types of carpets are soft, flat and flexible. This is why flat carpets do not stay flat on the floor and gather. The number of texture nodes in this method is half of the nodes of the texture loop method. This style of weaving is mostly used in Turkmen, Balochi and some Iranian villages carpets.

Semi-loop method in carpet weaving

In this way, all the threads of the carpet are in two rows and it is more distinct and distinguishable under and over the piles. In this mechanism, two weft threads with the same thickness are used. in such a way that one thread passes under the cross and another thread passes above the cross of the threads. In this way, the second weft, which has the role of sewing the cheleh, puts pressure on the threads below and brings them closer to each other in proportion to its stretching. Therefore, from the back of the carpet, the threads or threads are pressed together, and one arc of the knot, which is on the underlying thread, is seen as a full arc, and the other arc of the knot, which is on the thread, is seen as a half arc. The weavers of the Qashqai tribe often weave their carpets in the half-loop method. Reducing the amount of stretching of the wefts and beating them less by using daftin, reduces the level of the rug and brings it closer to the flat weave method; As a result, the half-pipe method is created.

Lul Baft method

In this mechanism, in addition to the fact that all the threads are on two different levels, like the half-tube method, due to the intensity of the thick weft (or the first weft) and the difference in the thickness of the first and second weft, the threads are further apart than in the half-tube method, and the difference The surface of the under and facing threads is such that they are almost facing each other. In fact, a carpet whose knot arc is 90 degrees at the back of the carpet and whose grooves are deep is a full-length carpet. In this way, the threads are not far from each other and the texture is strong. In this method of weaving, the thick weft is woven, stretched and tightened by using daftin after passing over the ridge. The degree of tension of the crossed weft causes that the adjacent threads in the back and front sections are separated from each other in two different levels on the back and on the carpet. This is because the thread that passes under it is pushed to the top or on the carpet and is hidden between the piles and is not seen, but the thread that passes over goes to the bottom or the back of the carpet and appears as streaks. It can be seen on the back of the carpet.

Reasons for loop weaving

Most urban carpets are woven with a loop mechanism. The variety of carpet weaving in some regions, such as Tabriz city, is perhaps one of the reasons why the weavers of that region tend to use the Lul weave. Because the carpet weaving looms in Tabriz and other cities do not have koji, and in order to prevent the carpet from tilting, the weavers pull it strongly and firmly through the threads while pulling the thick weft. is tightly wrapped around the metal straps or metal belts next to the carpet and after weaving the next row, its extension is inserted into the carpet again to stitch the next row. As a result, the strong tension of the weft thread causes the stiffness and hardness of the thick weft and causes the separation of the upper and lower threads. In another example, we can mention Bijar carpets, which are also known as "Bijar iron carpets" among carpet industry experts. Because the weavers of Bijar city, in addition to pulling the thick weft tightly, due to the intensity and number of daftin strokes, produce carpets that, in addition to having the full characteristics of a Lul carpet, are known as iron carpets due to their strength.

Conclusion

Finally, it can be concluded that the main reason for the creation of triple mechanisms in carpet texture depends on these factors:  
- Absence of one of the thin and thick wefts in the carpet texture  
- Amount and intensity of pulling thick tissue  
- There is a thickness difference between the first and second weave (thin and thick weave)  
- Names of tube, semi-tube and flat weave methods.

How to recognize the mechanism of carpet texture

In order to recognize the method and mechanism of carpet weaving, imagine that you have cut a carpet from a cross-section and you can see how the piles of the carpet are placed from above:

-    In this case, if the way the rugs are placed is as if they are placed in a row and next to each other, then it is woven in a flat-weave style.

-    If the shape of the cheleis is placed in such a way that they are facing downwards and there is a little distance between them and the cheleis are placed as one in the middle, then it is woven in a semi-loop way.

-    Finally, if the distance between the under and facing piles is increased as much as possible, as if they are facing each other, this carpet is called a loop weave.

In the end, it seems necessary to point out that weavers often do not weave flat, tube or half-tube carpets deliberately and with a previous decision, and weavers are often unfamiliar with these names. Rather, the method of carpet weaving in each region originates from the native traditions of that region, and in fact, dividing Iranian handwoven carpets into these weaving mechanisms is one of the methods used by experts in the field of handwoven carpets for the technical classification of its types of carpets.  

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